Tissue Factor in Complex Studies of interactions between blood coagulation proteins
نویسنده
چکیده
Many biological processes rely on specific protein-protein interactions, for example immune responses, cell signaling, transcription, and blood coagulation. Blood coagulation is initiated when a vessel wall is damaged, exposing tissue factor (TF) to the circulating factor VII/factor VIIa (FVII/FVIIa) which results in the formation of the TF:FVIIa complex and thereby the initiation of blood coagulation. One of the substrates for the TF:FVIIa complex is factor X (FX), which is activated to factor Xa (FXa), subsequently leading to a series of reactions resulting in clot formation. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is the major physiological inhibitor of the sTF:FVIIa complex, involved in regulation of coagulation by forming the TF:FVIIa:FXa:TFPI complex. Occasionally, the blood coagulation mechanism malfunctions, resulting in conditions such as the inability to stop bleeding or thrombosis. The fact that TF is the main initiator of the coagulation makes this an interesting protein to study, in the hunt for means to interfere with players involved in the blood clotting process. Throughout the studies included in this thesis the site-directed labeling technique is utilized to attach spectroscopic probes to cysteines, introduced at specific positions by mutagenesis, in the protein of interest. These fluorescent or spin-probes are sensitive for changes in their immediate environment and can thus, for example be used to monitor protein-protein complex formation and conformational changes. No complete structure has been obtained as yet for the large complex involving sTF, FVIIa, FXa, and TFPI. Therefore, we introduced a fluorescent probe at specific positions in soluble tissue factor (sTF) and the changes in fluorescence emission were detected upon sTF:FVIIa:FXa:TFPI complex formation. From these measurements it was concluded that not only parts of the C-terminal domain of sTF (TF2), but also residues in the N-terminal domain (TF1) are involved in binding to FXa in the quaternary complex. In order to investigate conformational changes occurring in the extended interface between sTF and FVIIa upon binding of different inhibitors spectroscopic probes were introduced in sTF, in the vicinity of the interaction region. From the obtained data it was concluded that the exosite-binding inhibitor E-76 induces equivalent structural changes at the interface of sTF and the protease domain (PD) of FVIIa, as do the active-site inhibitors FFR and TFPI, i.e. makes the region around the active-site more compact. Binding of these inhibitors shows similar effects despite their differences in size, binding site, and inhibitory mechanism. In addition, the Ca dependence of the formation of the sTF:FVIIa complex was studied. Association between sTF and FVIIa during Ca titration begins by Ca binding to the first EGF-like domain of FVIIa. However, Ca saturation of the -carboxyglutamic acidrich (Gla) domain of FVIIa is required for complete sTF:FVIIa complex formation, and we were also able to detect that a Gla domain with vacant Ca sites hinders the docking to sTF. Finally, we investigated the structural changes of free inhibited FVIIa upon sTF and Ca binding by FRET and quenching measurements. From this it was concluded that inhibited FVIIa does not seem to undergo large global structural changes upon binding to sTF, when taking the dynamics of free FVIIa into account. However, Ca binding induces minor local conformational changes in the active-site region of the PD of inhibited FVIIa and subsequent binding of sTF causes further structural rearrangements in this area. Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning Proteiner har många funktioner i kroppen och många fysiologiska processer är beroende av interaktioner eller växelverkan mellan olika proteiner. En av dessa viktiga mekanismer är blodkoagulering, som initieras när ett blodkärl skadas och ett protein, vävnadsfaktorn eller tissue factor (TF) exponeras. TF och blodkoaguleringsproteinet faktor VIIa (FVIIa) bildar sedan ett proteinkomplex som aktiverar ett annat blodkoaguleringsprotein faktor X (FX) till faktor Xa (FXa), vilket i en serie ytterligare aktiveringar av blodkoaguleringsproteiner, leder till att blodet levrar sig. I kroppen finns en viktig hämmare, tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), som reglerar detta system, genom att bilda komplexet TF:FVIIa:FXa:TFPI och därmed hämma dessa proteiners aktivitet. När koaguleringssystemet inte fungerar som det ska, kan det leda till blodproppsbildning eller försämrad koaguleringsförmåga. Detta gör det intressant att i detalj utreda hur proteinerna i detta system binder till och växelverkar med varandra, för att sedan kunna hitta medel som interfererar med denna process och därmed fungerar som läkemedel mot exempelvis blodpropp. Vi har använt en metod som kallas lägesspecifik märkning, som går ut på att koppla spektroskopiska sensorer till specifika positioner i proteinet som ska studeras. Proteiner är uppbyggda av aminosyror, vilka kan bytas ut mot cysteiner med hjälp av riktad mutagenes, vilka sedan används som handtag för att hänga på de kemiska sensorerna. Dessa sensorer är sedan känsliga för förändringar i sin omedelbara omgivning, vilka kan detekteras med hjälp av olika spektroskopiska metoder (fluorescens eller elekronparamagnetisk resonans (EPR)). Exempelvis, om en spektroskopisk sensor sitter på en position i det studerade proteinet som är inblandad i bindning till ett annat protein kommer detta att påverka sensorns omgivning, som då går från att ha haft kontakt med vatten (polär miljö), när proteinet är fritt, till en vanligtvis mer ”fet” (opolär) omgivning när de två proteinerna binder till varandra. De kemiska sensorerna är mycket känsliga för förändringar i polaritet och rörlighet, vilket kan detekteras som skillnader i fluorescensresp. EPR-spektra. Bildandet av protein-proteinkomplexet kan därmed följas genom att titta på spektrala förändringar. Med hjälp av lägesspecifik märkning har vi kunnat kartlägga områden i sTF, en något förkortad variant av TF, som binder till FXa. TF är uppbyggt av två domäner och vi har visat att båda dessa är inblandade i bindning till FXa i det biologiskt viktiga komplexet sTF:FVIIa:FXa:TFPI. Vi har även studerat hur inbindning av olika hämmare, som inaktiverar sTF:FVIIa komplexet, påverkar interaktionsytan mellan de två proteinerna. Vi har kunnat visa att tre olika hämmare ger samma strukturella förändring i bindningsytan mellan sTF och FVIIa, trots olika hämningssmekanismer, storlekar och bindningsställen. Bindingen mellan sTF och FVIIa är beroende av kalcium och vi har även kunnat följa kalciumberoendet för proteinkomplexets bildande med vår sensorteknik. Till sist har vi kunnat visa att hämmad FVIIa inte genomgår några stora strukturella förändringar när sTF och kalcium binder in. Däremot sker små strukturella förändringar i närheten av aktiva ytan, i den del av proteinet där FVIIa har sin aktiverande funktion. This thesis is based on the following papers: I. Carlsson, K., Freskgård, P.-O., Persson, E., Carlsson, U., and Svensson, M. (2003) Probing the interface between factor Xa and tissue factor in the quaternary complex tissue factor-factor VIIa-factor Xa-tissue factor pathway inhibitor. Eur. J. Biochem. 270, 2576-2582. II. Österlund, M., Owenius, R., Carlsson, K., Carlsson, U., Persson, E., Lindgren, M., Freskgård, P.-O., and Svensson, M. (2001) Probing the inhibitor-induced conformational changes along the interface between tissue factor and factor VIIa. Biochemistry 40, 9324-9328. III. Carlsson, K., Persson, E., Carlsson, U., and Svensson, M. (2006) Inhibitors of factor VIIa affect the interface between the protease domain and tissue factor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 349, 1111-1116. IV. Carlsson, K., Österlund, M., Persson, E., Freskgård, P.-O., Carlsson, U. and, Svensson, M. (2003) Site-directed fluorescence probing to dissect the calcium-dependent association between soluble tissue factor and factor VIIa domains. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1648, 12-16. V. Carlsson, K., Persson, E., Østergaard, H., Lindgren, M., Carlsson, U., and Svensson, M. (2010) Effects on the conformation of FVIIa by sTF and Ca binding: Studied by fluorescence resonance energy transfer and quenching on labeled FVIIa. Progress report Paper not included in this thesis: Wiréhn, J., Carlsson, K., Herland, A., Persson, E., Carlsson, U., Svensson, M., and Hammarström, P. (2005) Activity, folding, misfolding, and aggregation in vitro of the naturally occurring human tissue factor mutant R200W. Biochemistry 44, 6755-6763.
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